about dog

dog

Dog (scientific name: [2] Canis lupus familiaris) is an animal of mammals, a platoon Alkalpaat of carnivores. Dajan is an animal and became a human 14000 to 150000 years ago. It is usually described the animal to fulfill, and nicknamed "the best friend of man" so high for his ability to remember its owner even after a long break it up. [3] There it many different strains foul and tasks, including: a hunting dog and a dog fields and herding dog and a guard dog and the dog Bloodhound dog Gray hound dog accompany blind dog hydroplanes; any dog ​​that is used to draw the wagons on the ice.

Date

Platoon canis (Latin: Canida) containing wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog of early mammals that human Rodha of wolves that had emerged since 60 million years ago. She lived with him for 14 thousand years. It is descended from wolves that were touring in Europe, Asia and North America. The wolves roam in the villages in the northern hemisphere in search of food since 12 thousand years. Currently, there are many strains of it. The bones of dogs structures have been found in Denmark, England, Japan, Germany and China dating back to the prehistoric era. The Jackal knew the ancient Egyptians. They make sculptures out of her body body of a dog-headed animal jackal. A statue of Anubis has been found in Tutankhamun's tomb dating to the year 1330 BC. We have also found a strain of greyhounds in the tombs of ancient Almsrien.ccant mummify since 2100 BC next to the pyramids of the pharaohs inside. The Greeks and Romans could produce strains of them.

The Dalmachin type (Latin: Dalmatian) coach on fishing and dragging wagons since 1800 BC and guard the horses that were dragging carts of other dogs that were intimidated. [Citation needed]

Kinds of dogs

There are many types of dogs and arranged according to their strength:

1.alkalp a wolf hybrid animal resulting from the mated female dog with a male wolf takes the prescription strength of the wolf and prescription fulfillment of the dog. It forms Husky dogs and cyber Klabalmlmut ASCII and Alalski Husky and German Shepherd and others living in the frigid cold regions.

2.clab decorations which are numerous types of dogs.

3.clab fishing and used for fishing where you chase the prey to become close to man.

the behavior

The dogs were taken by the man in custody, fishing and dragging wagons. They were used in the war to guard and carry messages. A trained dogs that lead the blind and the deaf in the streets and domestic work as an alert for the deaf bell phone or the door or blind leadership to roam inside the house, or crossing the street. And some types of dogs are characterized by a strong sense of smell. That's trained other tasks Kakoshv for drugs and explosives and dynamite Persian, ants and shipwrecked water depths. You can search for the missing in the earthquake, fire, and some dogs can eavesdrop on the sounds that human ears do not hear, even if the dog is able to hear the clock ticking on a 40-feet. And dogs home vary in shape and appearance, size and color.

Despite these differences in both groups of dogs, but they are all identical anatomy. there are 321 bones in the skeleton. The strains differ in the number of tail bone. But the rib cage consists of 13 pairs of ribs and spine consists of 7 Faqarat in the neck and chest in paragraph 13, 7 and 3 cotton Faqarat Faqarat in the deficit. The hind legs in each 4 claws and four fingers. There claws in four or five fingers out. For the puppy 28 are not temporary but after the age of 6 months and be replaced by the number 42 becomes permanent.

And live all factions dogs in all continents of the world Maad Antarctica and in the bushes and forests temperate rainforest and the desert, mountains and tundra. [2] The gray wolves ancestors pet dogs. A large carnivorous animals Kgamukherti and deer, and small animals like rabbits and mice. The dogs can repeat heard sharply and the sense of smell curfew to guard the vast areas of the wolves or to search for food. The males mate with females in the month of January, and then give birth to 5 to 6 by the mother breastfeed her nipples of her nipples. And share in food after weaning. Puppies born blind and not be able to stand up. And spend 90% of their time asleep. The rest of the time the nurse. Nor can the result of high resistance cold, because of its blood perfusion, this stick puppies with her mother for heating. Mother and clear the puppies are cared for like any other female mammals, while the father does not play any role in that task.

There are dogs between the language of addresses, including body language and facial expressions and raise the tail and stand up and everyone's ears. And the hair stand up on the back indicates fear or discomfort, aggression or submission. These signals have Ohmatha.kma that in the case of severe and extreme hostility dog ​​grinning its teeth and loosen his ears and tail erect and harden legs and the hair stands back and Izum or barking. And determine the borders of their territory Bbolha dogs. Fraianh language address to warn the rest of the animals, particularly among other dogs. And defend this border barking or snarling or expression language Aamh.walclab pets tend to be trained to express its loyalty to its owner and his admiration for Neil. The dog lives of 8-12 years depending on the environment in which the care of it and live. Prior to the acquisition of a dog should detect it carefully vet to treat infected by diseases. Or vaccinated against rabies (rabies). The dog needs a good food, hygiene and shelter outside recreation, water and training for 16-30 minutes a day and on a continuous basis.

Multiply

Breed dogs, like other mammals through sexual contact that results from vaccination female ovum sperm from the male. The female reach in about the eighth month of age and have the appearance of menstruation for the first time that are accompanied by changes in Asalokoudakhl body to ready the body for sexual contact, while the male by about a month. [2] [4] may be delayed for up to two years in large dogs. The duration of pregnancy in dogs from 56 to 72 days, [5] an average of 62 days. The reason for the difference and Ranging in length to several factors, such as climate, nutrition and gender.

about glass

glass

The term glass scientifically on any solid material has a crystalline structure does not show a glass transition when heated towards the liquid composition.

More types of glass commonly used through the ages, and especially in our time is used in windows and crockery drinking industry is a glass of lime soda, which consists of 75% of the silica oxide Alsodiomuoksid calcium and a number of additives Alokhry.zjaj is a substance amorphous solid at temperatures cooled and liquid temperature at high temperature brittle transparent.

historical overview

The beginning of the discovery of glass

There was a group of sailors on the beach of sand containing silica material and Shahu set fire accidentally found the glossy transparent liquid, and this was the beginning of the discovery of glass.

The porcelain decorated, as the oldest type was manufactured from glass, was a melting surfaces of sand with soda or caustic potash granules, this was the porcelain used to make beads, engravings and small ornaments in ancient times, and in the second millennium BC, the first real receptacles of glass appeared , the Romans were able to pour the glass windows, without sufficient serenity, did not increase its use for the admission of light, without exposure to the weather conditions. The glass flows in the form of a flat board, perhaps conducted by the rolling process is hot, so that it becomes thinner thicker. In spite of the presence of glass in a small number of old churches, dating to the seventh century, but the widening panels of transparent glass, it did not become common only in the seventeenth century.

Glass production

It took vitrification processes (glass) old industry into small frames for windows, for the installation of this glass (coronary) or (Normandy) on them, and has been retained by some (bull's eye) distinctive in its center, as a different use of the penis. The alternative process for the production of (broad glass) was based on the swing of the ball, even swells and turns into a cylindrical shape, with a length of about one and a half meters, a diameter of about 45 cm. Then the parties still make their roller length, then resurfacing in an oven Mnasp.taatdmn first processes for the production of glass: Pour a slab of glass and then Derflth and polished, or inflatable ball of the glass, and then recycled in the spindle movement on the rod tip with attribution on the surface of the cool smooth even flatten the form of a tablet or take the form of the disc, and polished by flame and soften the surface. Cups and industry are the introduction of the glass ball, which is still molten in the mold and recycled it shall take the form template, and then cooled. After removing the party cup is ready.

The last method has been, along with other sophisticated way it depends on mechanization, in use until the early twentieth century, when the two methods was reached two other important issues:

Way Petersburg

Method (Vurko) in 1904 and the way (Pittsburgh) in 1926 and relies both methods to pull a strip of glass vertically from the glass furnace, through sintering furnace (annealing) by dolphins asbestos managed engines, the maintenance of the tape from the upper tip Once coolness to the point enough, after several feet of the top of the oven. The annealing process allows the glass cools slowly specified rate, and is slowly cooling is necessary to avoid the stresses arising from the rapid surface cooling. It features a glass output Bchwevih, and its surfaces polished hardwood, with some distortion or defects.

I was getting on the glass polished slab above methods, the Bderflh molten glass from the furnace, in the form of a continuous tape, but it was wrong glass plates, having marks (scars) to its surface, as a result of contact between the glass and dolphins. So it was imperative to remove these signs Baltgelekh and refinement in order to obtain two surfaces parallel to the glass plate to achieve visual completeness (good optical properties) of the final product. And, of course, fails to exhaust an estimated 20% of the grinding, polishing operations, as it was difficult in the past boyfriends glass of air bubbles.

Buoyancy method

Since the advent of flotation process at the hands of the company (Pilkington) British in 1959, it has become the primary method used in the entire world for the manufacture of flat glass, and had to be before it, pour any flat slab of glass, then Derflth and polished to get rid of the warp and not to the equator.

The buoyancy depends on moving the strip of glass widths up to 33 meters out of the melting furnace method, and then be floated on the surface of the bath (bath) of molten tin. And retains the tape in an atmosphere is controlled chemical composition, at elevated temperature, for a period of time sufficient to flush positions irregular, and even become Alstin two levels and parallel. Featuring the surface of the resulting glass full Balastewae, as a result of the equator similar to the surface of the molten tin bath.

Being strip cooling with a driven cross-tin molten bath, until it becomes hardened surfaces enough for the passage of the tape through the sintering stage, without leaving dolphins marks (scars) on the bottom surface of the bar, featuring glass output in this way regularly fish and shine its surfaces, without the need for grinding or refine.

After seven years of hard work later, and after 14 months of operation is successful factory built industrial full size, costing a hundred thousand pounds, every month from this month, the first glass panels successful appeared, and then manufactured in this way, Butkhan 6 mm. This fish has been determined by an automatic manner, as a result of natural forces acting on the lava buoyancy, which is a good phenomenon, it needs 50% of high-quality glass market, to this fish.

But to take full advantage of the method of buoyancy, require control and control in the tape thickness of the product, which is given by the company (Pilkington) interest, to be managed, two years after the emergence of this method of producing glass thickness of 3 mm was achieved by stretching the tape gently, and in a way is controlled where, so that negated the existence of any distortions in the resulting panels.

And then be able to grow thicker slabs during the next three years, by reducing elongation suffered by the molten glass in the bathroom of buoyancy, even given increased thickness, has a range of fish currently available from 4 mm to 25 mm from the appropriate glass for construction purposes, and thickness of 2.5 mm for other purposes. [1]

Glass industry for Muslims

Muslims took care of the medieval glass industry and developed; and after he learned the methods of manufacture of the countries conquered, such as Egypt and Syria, Iraq, Iran, and it was because of their need to glassware used in perfumes, drugs, and lighting, and drinking, and others.

The glass consists of a mixture of sand (silica), potash and soda, where smelted together even turn into a liquid and well mixed. When cooled to the degree of flexibility, there is a ratio of the viscosity, which facilitates the formation. It is a glass by a long metal tube with a wooden Mbasm to protect the worker from the tube, where temperatures dipped into the liquid and raises the tip piece pain molten glass. The worker blow glass tube block and converted into a small bubble first and grow with continued blowing. And then form the bubble as the manufacturer wants, it makes them a bottle or a jug or cylinder or otherwise.

The decoration is implemented in different ways, including pressure on pots way is still soft, as well as tweezers manner, or in a way, "addendum" They are past the filaments of glass on the walls of the pots, a soft, or paste holder of glass that Lena is still, and may be colored and is so other ways.

The old Muslims making many types of glassware; Vouseltna these different forms of group dating back to the second or third century AH. This glassware dating back to the third century, this Cruet made Romania the way back to the second century the era of the Abbasid state, but so much has been decorated in a way, "addendum" in Fatimid Egypt during the fifth century, and the pitcher is due to the third century of the State Abbasid, as we received this vase Mamluk era. Vohtha magnificent has supplied colorful thread made of glass, but this bottle Once upon Hull polygon and carried out the template and decorated her neck by adding glass filaments which is from the eighth century.

This is part of a vase Fatimid era, has been decorated with Kufic writing with the opposite objects due to the fifth century AH, but this bottle and it is those Almekhalh rock crystal, it has Zachrvata machining and rinsing in Fatimid Egypt during the fifth century. The crystal glass is coupled to Khaltth heavy elements such as cobalt and is characterized by high density.

These are some of the glass weights allocated to the perfume or medical fluid from the second century of the Umayyad era, and making the Muslim Arabs balances and cymbals of the glass also, this is equivalent to the weight of the balance of pounds due to the year 129 for Migration. This is the weight fils early Umayyad period, but these cymbals it is the era of "Dear God," the Fatimid caliph, and the weight of the reign of Sultan Bey in 893 of migration.

Muslims also excelled in making Almhkawat; and so to illuminate the mosques, houses and so on, have been mentioned in the Holy Qur'an: God is the Light of the heavens and the earth, such as light Km_kah the lamp in a bottle} [Nur: 35], and we got a number of Almhkawat Mamluk Camouflaged age enamel and decorative have copies as well as the decorative plants. These niche as the Sultan of "good" has Muht enamel, and decorated with Quranic writings of cursive and floral decoration very creative. This is also from the reign of Sultan "good", it has been decorated with floral motifs only minutes with skill and mastery.

The name of this niche Prince "Haikho" legs of the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir "Mohammed bin Kalawoon", and includes with its beautiful cursive writing "RNC Grail" which refers to the function of sommelier; where is the "functional Alrnok" feature of the Mamluk era attributes.

Muslim Arabs used the glass in the windows decoration as well; as proficient in the stained glass industry in plaster. The industry is going through several stages; the beginning of drawing on the decorative plaster units, then the discharge phase begins punching any of these units to be Tashagaha glass. And finally begin installing various pieces of glass sizes and colors from behind the stage and prove the liquid plaster.

What this method inherited continues to produce our decorative panels diverse forms of light radiate from a state of joy and fascination, is apparent in the windows of various Islamic buildings. As it used by the churches in Egypt, also for decorating and making beautiful colored windows. Muslims also used glass mosaic decorations in the work; and this clearly shows in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, which includes decorations exquisite landscapes, is a mosaic of this mosque, the oldest form of mosaic glass after the Islamic Dome of the Rock.

Glass structure

Glass industry

As in other solid materials are not crystalline, the ionic composition of the glass - not the atomic structure because the glass contains no atoms - that does not contain any corresponding to a transition, but due to the characteristics of chemical bonding, the glass may possess some degree of short-term rate of regularity to the atomic polygons positional nearby but they do not continue in the glass on the long term.

Glass makes heating way to high temperatures even get a pasty state of the alloy and then are molding the paste operation, according to the shape you want to get it, and there are many factors that must be considered, but this is the general way. Where the glass maker mixing specific amounts of sand, lime, soda and other items to give to some of the properties of glass own. And other components can be composed of aluminum oxide and white arsenic. The mixture is heated in an oven until it becomes sticky mass of thick liquid. The formation of small blocks becomes easy Takhadd from the oven and when cool becomes glass body formed in them. Millions of tons of sand are used each year for the manufacture of glass. However, there are special types of glass manufactured without using the sand Mtalega.uan many ways, such as drag-and-rolling mill and other types of industries vary depending on the clay soil whenever manufacturer speed up the heating was fragile, so you must slow down the heating process to bear and to be solid

Types of Glass

Glass can be divided in terms of chemical composition into three types:

Glass soda and lime: constitutes more than 90% of the glass used: It contains sodium salts of sodium carbonate and a high percentage.

Glass leaden crystal: a glass iridescent, high-density and has a high light refractive index, is used in the antiques and accessories industry and the Pleiades and how old is used to preserve food and drink Due to the interaction of the lead with food longer in use for the threat to human health.

Quartz (silica glass): It contains silica by 96%, making it the need to high temperatures to be manufactured, is characterized by high resistance to temperature, which makes it suitable for the manufacture of thermometers and furnaces.

As it can be broken glass also in terms of physical therapy into two types:

Plasticized glass:

Tempered glass: where is heated to a certain temperature and then cooled rapidly by exposing the glass surface to air currents Pard.l is a distinguished from ordinary annealed glass, including the following:

- * Tempered glass can withstand mechanical shocks more than the average bear to 5-7 times stained glass. When the glass break down as a result of severe shock, it turns into a large number of small fragments that do not injure or hurt anyone (that's why this so-called glass Tempered safety glass). Unlike Tempered Glass, the ordinary glass shattered when they broke into sharp fragments hurtful extremely harmful.

- * As Tempered glass can withstand a big difference between the scores of internal and external temperatures, up to 300 degrees Celsius, while these differences do not exceed 70 degrees Celsius in the ordinary annealed glass, thereby exposing it to break directly.

It is common methods for the manufacture of glass are mixing a large amount of sand with small amounts of lime and soda, and then heated to a high temperature of more than Al 1100 ° C, until it becomes a high liquid paste viscosity, it is then machined mechanical, manual methods, and then cooled to be glass.

And it is a soda-lime glass (flat glass): It is most commonly used glass, which accounts for more than the 90% of the total glass used in the world. The borosilicate glass which is called glass Albaerks and Alkimuks It contains silica (80%) and alkali (4%) and alumina (2%) and boric oxide (13%). This is what gives it a hardness that more than three times the normal flat glass.

The molten glass silica quartz It contains silica by (96%) and is characterized by its resistance to shock, but it was too expensive.

The most important characteristic of the glass in terms of its manufacture is to his wife, which depends on the temperature, so a pure silica glass high Wife and requires very high temperatures to get rid of bubbles in it.

And this thing makes it pure silica glass industry is very costly. So, for reasons of scientific needs to be weakened in order to facilitate silica glass manufactured economically. From our experience, it is clear that the alkaline metal oxides are the best way to achieve this.

And the secret lies in that that each atom Silicon linked only four atoms of oxygen and that any atoms additional oxygen works disrupting the formation of coherent and strong component of silicone - oxygen - silicon, so it has become easy to change the installation of silica glass and make it more mobile, using oxides of alkali metals.

These oxides and alkaline melting of the most important factors used in the glass industry, minerals, and more of these oxides are used soda, which is the cheapest price, has been used other oxides of alkaline metals for this purpose (such as Albotaciomwalleciom ... etc).

There are types of glass used in industries such as glass microwave sensitive to light.

Albersbks [edit]

Is Mkthor (polymer) Methyl Methacrylate, its trade name (in the US) is "to Osaat," There is also a brand name is another "Blixi Glass." Featuring Alblixi Glass excellent optical properties, which are suitable for the manufacture of glasses and Aladsatuadsat cameras. As used in optical ads in the streets, and makes them heavy duty shocks glass so fit for Auto Insurance.

Safety glass [edit]

Accompanied Alttoraltknulogi and permanently so-called factors of safety that will protect workers and the work that one glass, hazardous substance and the results of their use have proved dangerous, especially that glass is generally broken into large, sharp cutting parties capable of harming a person howsoever put the accident, so it was the end of the safety glass It is to reduce the gravity of the glass and make it crashed in the form of a small, soft parts is sharp and detached without being strewn around the scene.

The safety glass is made in one of two ways, put to its creditors, "plastic" thin layer between two sheets Zjagiyn, or strengthening glass plates processed by thermal shock. It was the French chemist Edouard Benedict first to make safety glass, so while riding in 1909 chip Alceleoleod between two sheets of glass. Safety glass has been used in the vast interfaces and in a wide range in the automotive world, where the traffic accidents claiming many lives because of the glass.

The discovery of safety glass

Fells French scientist Benedict error bottle containing a substance collodion, a substance used to heal wounds and photography, from the shelf to the earth, the world and noted that the bottle had been shattered, but remained one piece and did not disintegrate, Vdhish the result, it noted moreover that the material collodion left after evaporated thin crust on the glass, she kept him entwined with some of some of that.

Read this world later that a large number of injuries occur due to volatilization of fragments of the front car glass on impact accident occurs, and the cars were at the time at the beginning of the past, remembered his mistake and material collodion, FALVEY a panacea, Since then, came into existence glass Secretary, stainless for breaking and crashing.

Budget vehicles in the glass

There are elements and chemical compounds necessary balance in the glass manufacturing process known forms and types according to use, including:

1. Lime: is a form of calcium carbonate stone mixture is added to the glass and after grinding to give some of the properties of glass. It uses calcium and dolomitic lime in large quantities with sand and calcium carbonate.

2. Lead oxide is one of the main components of glass types Zrani which is characterized by a high coefficient of refraction of light, usually include a large proportion of potash (Glass gives luster and shine at the same time is resistant to electricity and heat).

3. boric oxide reduces the degree Wife silica without increasing the heat relaxes, with the addition of a small amount of corundum maintains the transparency of the glass, and makes it more resistant to temperature (Albaerks), which are used in bakeries tools and devices laboratory Alonanwib industry for its ability to resist industry sudden temperature changes and unsustainable chemicals.

4. alumina and lime: This mixture is used by a large margin in the glass with (10%) of boric oxide, and a little alkali industry fiberglass.

Some approximation we can say that the glass is suitable mix of sand (silica) with some chemical additives and certain thermal conditions we get those pasty material that cools to give us a glass, and the glass of the most useful material in the world. It is made mainly of silica sand, soda and lime.

You can get different properties of the glass according to the method of preparation and its components where the glass can be constituted so that is extracted in the form of very fine yarns used in optical fiber manufacturing, or can be formed of pasty case and earns pliancy to pour into molds to give it the final shape as a mirror of the telescope weighing up several tons and it can be increased hardness or cruelty to become stronger than steel and more fragile than paper with the possibility of getting it many colors and shapes.

Mineral glass in the future service

about phone

smart phone

Smartphone (in English: Smartphone), is the term given to a class of modern mobile phones that use sophisticated operating system, most of the touch screen is used as a front Mstkhaddmoicom run mobile applications. If no agreement is reached between the manufacturers of mobiles on a common definition of the smartphone, some of them considered a smartphone is a phone that offers the advantages of Tcefhalanturnt and synchronize e-mail and open MS Office files, and has a full keyboard QWERTY, but the definition healthiest and most widely accepted today that mobile phone that works on one of the following operating systems: Windows Phone, Symbian, or its derivatives, Linux or its derivatives and Blackberry. Smart phones are no different from laptops, personal computers or any other device in history, all the smart devices consist of a two-part complementary to each other and are the Hardware, the part physicist possible to the touch, the Software and is part programmatic operator of the device (operating system), who leads the Hardware and you Do your part led. Like Windows and Linux, can not for the device to work without an operating system, or you'll find yourself restricted inside the prison of tags nagging, operating systems in development began at the hands of giant Nokia where he drove us to Symbian OS system and was the first advanced operating system enough to meet simple needs and some complex , in the same time period was Samsung's own Bada OS makes his way system, but Symbian OS excellence was obvious. Where is Wallace 60 and U Aye Kyu-developed operating systems for Alsimbian, while the running Apple OS (iPhone) and Google's Android and Nokia Maemo elaborate systems for Linux system, has seen mobile phones operating on one of these systems Phones smart because it is mostly where all available the conditions precedent (except for the lack of a full keyboard in most devices).

Among the operating systems that are not classified as Jawaladtha Phones Nokia smart feed 40 exclusive and regulations (Proprietary) are working on most mobiles Samsung, LG and Motorola.

Date

The first phone Zkialhatv first smartphone was the IBM Simon; it was designed in 1992 and shown as a product concept that year at Comdex, the computer industry, which was held in Las Vegas, Nevada trade show. He was released to the public in 1993 and sold by BellSouth. In addition to being a mobile phone, also included a calendar, address book, world clock, calculator, note pad, e-mail client, and the ability to send and receive faxes, and games. It was no physical buttons, instead customers use touch to identify phone numbers by finger or create a fax memos optional pen. The text input with a keyboard on the screen "predictive" unique. By today's standards, Simon will be a low-end product to some extent, it lacks a camera and the ability to install third-party applications. However, her appointment raised high time advantage.

The first company designed smart Nokia line of phones is the first of smart Nokia phones starting from 9000 Nokia, released in 1996. The computer distinctive this smartphone palmtop pattern was the result of a collaborative effort of the early successful and expensive personal digital assistant (PDA) by Hewlett-Packard to combine phone Nokia's best-selling around that time, and the first two models model of fixed devices via hinges. Communications are characterized clamshell design, with a feature phone screen, and the user interface and the phone's keypad, and keyboard physical QWERTY keyboard, high-resolution display at least 640 × 200 pixels and user interface PDA under the door. The program is based on the Global Environment Outlook V3.0 operating system, highlight the e-mail and surf the Web based on the text. In 1998, it was followed by the Nokia 9110, and in 2000 the Nokia 9110i, with a review of the enhanced Web capabilities.

Intelligent use of the term used the term 'smart' in 1997 for the first time when Ericsson unveiled the concept phone.

Uses

Smart phones have contributed to many social activities, such as sending and receiving e-mail messages, helping to facilitate the management of companies and projects. In the media it has become far there are no newspaper, media channel or a news organization does not have an application for smart phones which makes it easier to know the news. In the economy we now know as soon as news of the stock market roads and on phones and easily and quickly.

Methods of fall protection

The use of smart phones-which are no longer limited to telephone the just- urgent necessity, that were not really needed daily living accompany us most of the day. So what increases the exposure to the problems of daily use and the most consequential damage and the cost for the crash repeatedly and different situations on hard surfaces. May become the screen or built-in camera or other parts of the main keys Balkhaddh or breakage or disruption under the fall of device or mobile phone, the most important conditions: the speed of the fall and the height and angle of the collision with the ground or different surfaces.

In other circumstances, if the device is going on when he fell with the clock, the protection mechanism to generate torque counter-clockwise working to adjust the rotation of the machine through a compressed gas and store launch in a small cylinder attached protection mechanism. The mechanism for this ability to control the external machining device is a battery, where the positions in the fall or collision certain bombarding the battery from the device to ease the bloc or dissipating the energy generated by the collision. (Disintegration of cell phones mechanism when they occur and collisions with the ground were scattered in the old hardware, specifically the Nokia 3310), even with the use of protective covers and labels, you may not get effective protection from the impact of unexpected shocks in terms of form and injury. The need for prevention and protection -obfalah Aalah- to these sensitive devices; pushed toward those interested in research and investment in engineered and developed to help reduce the risk of hurting devices and smart phones due to fall freely. This protection technology and its mechanism to provide a sensor device and at least one dependent can predict the status of a free fall (Free Fall) and the status of the machine simultaneously with the fall, in addition to the direct protection mechanism to change the status of the fall directing the center of gravity or relocate the device. Based on the principle of protection against changing the status of the device through recycled or his heart or trade sideways for the fall track mechanism, in order to guide the machine a block in the opposite direction to the point of falling to relieve the momentum and the impact of the collision.

It can also provide protection mechanism of the process of attracting or hide the keys and side buttons or keyboard to mitigate the impact of colliding directly with the ground or different surfaces. If the device or phone with a link headphones or charger cord, the protection -and mechanism Alsagot- to take advantage of these links and stick to them and prevent the drop from the socket, and thus attract the machine towards the socket in a way acts as a brake and reduce the speed of the fall; which provides the user a chance to try to pick up device or mitigate the force of the collision.

More characteristic of this mechanism and there is capable of storing the previous fall information from the high speed rotation and repeated to the circumstances of the fall similar memory, to take advantage of this information to guide the protection mechanism more effectively when speed is repeated, or send that information to the manufacturer for use in new hardware design.

Apple got a patent for a special safeguard mechanism apparatuses iPhones, which boils down to discuss the following points: • employ your engine vibration device to control the angle of the fall and its budget. • Provide hardware sensors are positioned on the interior of her paintings (Accelerometer, GPS, Gyroscopes and an Ultrasonic emitter) to send information about the speed and direction, and the position falls. • An explanation of the mechanisms through which the air intake so as to ease the speed of the device when he fell. • Propose to take advantage of shipping and wire connection speakers in braking the fall, and the use of compressed gas capsules.

about volcano

volcano

Volcanoes which is about the topography of land or sea graduated or emit molten hot material with fumes and gases associated with them from the depths of the earth's crust and occurs through the nozzles or cracks. And accumulate magma flow or by type to form various forms, including ground conical hills or high volcanic mountains such as those in Yellowstone National Park in North America.

Key parts of the volcano four, namely:

Volcanic Cone: a sloping sides composed of lava. A torrent of magma mineral material thrown from the crater of the volcano and were all or some of them in the molten state, and lava is magma Almnsalh on the surface and then hardened.

Nozzle: Low crater funnel-shaped or bowl on the surfaces of planets or other objects in the solar system. Most of the craters are composed on the Earth's surface by volcanic activity. Most of these craters are produced for the blasts that blow up pebbles and other debris resulting from volcanic eruptions. It is rare that the volume of such craters more than two kilometers from side to side. It consists of other volcanic craters when the ground is collapsing in the wake of the lava rebound from the top. Both low-occupied by the volcanic lake in Oregon in the United States and nozzle Kīlauea in Hawaii because of a collapse could be. It called craters bearish diameter of over one kilometer a huge crater called craters least downs tiny nozzles. Volcanic craters are more common on the moon, and other planets is the Earth. But most of the craters on these objects are splash craters formed by the impact of meteorites stones.

Smoked: a tube that connects the magma underground tank and nozzle, which ascend from the magma. And hurtling through volcanic material into the crater. Sometimes known neck volcano. In addition to the main chimney, it may be the volcano several stacks relate to secondary craters.

Alloafez gas: a cloud of vapors and gases and ash.

Albarakanahnfjarat volcanic material regolith core of various types and sizes are usually in the first period of volcanic eruptions. And derived rock debris from the rigid crust extracted from the walls of the neck as a result of payment of lava material gas emanating from the magma force and violence and is made up of rock debris from the materials vary in size, including rock masses, and shells and pebbles, sand and dust Albarakana.akhrj volcanoes while revolutions regolith solid materials molten (magma) and gases.

GAS: Graduated from volcanic activity during the water vapor gases, which emanates great quantities component of the huge pull mingle with the dust and other gases. And condense the vapor, causing the heavy rain falling in the vicinity of the volcano. Accompanied by explosions and rainfall of electric lights arise from the friction of volcanic ash particles to each other and as a result of weather disturbances, and except for the extreme heat and water vapor, sputtering volcano multiple gases mainly hydrogen, chlorine, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon compounds and oxygen compounds.

Lava: liquid blocks are disgorged by volcanoes, and has a temperature of between 800 ° C and 1200 ° C. The lava emerge from the crater, and bursting through the cracks and fractures in the aspects of the volcanic cone, these fractures created by the explosions and the pressure of magma blocks, stop nature of the lava, and their appearance on the chemical composition of the magma blocks which emits They are two types:

Lava light light-colored: This is characterized by bone viscosity, and thus slow flow like lava that emanated from the volcano Billy (in Almrtnik Islands in the Caribbean) in 1902 was dense sticky to the extent they have not overwhelmed the move, and took accumulates and rises composed tower above the crater a height of about 300 m, and soon after that to break and crash as a result of explosions caused by the release of gas.

Lava heavy dark color: a lava basaltic, and the advantage of being liquid and moving to a large degree, the flow in the form of streams on the slopes of the volcano, and when he emerges the lava through a great extension fractures, they are spread over vast areas consisting spacious plateaus, and like the Ethiopian highlands and the Deccan Plateau, India and Columbia Plateau North America.

Volcanic material

Solid volcanic material: the parts that make up the volcanic rocks, namely:

Volcanic ballistics: It freezes the magma and lava ejected to the surface.

Pumice rock: a foam Celikatih Taatkhalha gases.

Ash: the result of the fragmentation and scattering summit magma frozen in the neck of the volcano under pressure and the influence of steam, which harden quickly.

Volcanic material liquid magma and lava (lava): composed of liquid material from the burning lava flowing from the crater to the long distances and sometimes over the liquid lava is subject to several factors. Such as land slope, and the nature of the magma and lava (or sticky fluid) depends on the ratio of the viscosity ratio of silica, and on the strength of the volcano

Materials volcanic gas: the most important gases emitted from volcanoes:

Water vapor

Hydrocarbons

sulfur dioxide

The geographical distribution of volcanoes

Range that surrounds the coasts of the Pacific Ocean, which is sometimes known as Ring of Fire, it runs on the eastern shores of that ocean above the Andean highlands of Central America and Mexico, and over western North America Heights to the Aleutian Islands and on to the coast of East Asia to Japan and the Philippines Islands and then to the islands of Indonesia and Nioselnda.tanthr volcanoes in multiple aspects of the Earth's surface, which is followed in certain cases Mattm lines between the tectonic plates of the great and demonstrated:

There is a lot of volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean and some of them grew up in a huge great room and appeared towering above the water level. Including the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands, which is based bases in the ocean at a depth of about 5,000 m, and rises above the surface of the waters of more than 4,000 m and thus the overall height of the ocean floor up to peaks of about 9000 m.

Southern Europe, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea and the islands adjacent to it. The most famous of the active volcanoes Vesuvius near Naples, Italy, and Etna volcano on the island of Sicily and Astro Mboli (Beacon Mediterranean) in the Lipari Islands.

Western Asia Heights and most famous volcanoes Ararat and Alauzenz.

Eastern Africa and the scale of months Brkinh Kilimanjaro.

There Mien senior volcanoes: volcanic eruption of permanent very little on the ground, including a volcano of Stromboli, Lipari Islands, near the island of Sicily, known as the beacon of the Mediterranean basin. The intermittent volcanic eruptions or the relatively peaceful they are common on the surface of the earth, where Smothers volcanic activity period of time, then renewed again during another period, and Mnhaberkan Aetna in Sicily. There are extinct volcanoes, and where Ankhmd volcanic activity quite a long period of time, and become prone to carve erosion, who stepped down aspects of the volcanic cone; Examples of volcanic structures: Shiprock in Mexico, Devlzator (Devil's Tower), in the state of Wyoming in the United States of America. The estimated number of active volcanoes volcano about 600 spread over the earth's surface, and are mostly concentrated in the belts almost parallel slits areas and Alteixrat natural faults scattered along the newly formed mountain ranges.

The first: "Circle Ring of Fire", located in the Pacific Ocean.

II: starts from the Baluchistan region to Iran, Asia Minor, the Mediterranean, bringing the Azure Islands and Canary wraps to the western Andes in the United States. Here are some of the names of volcanoes in these areas:

Mexico: 10 of them Parícutin volcanoes which erupted for the first time in 1934.

South America: 2

New Zealand: 6.brkin

New Joanna: 30 volcanoes.

Philippines: 20 volcanoes.

Japan: 40 volcanoes.

Mediterranean axis area

From the west to the east, we find the following volcanoes in this region: -

Azores: 5 volcanoes.

Canary: 3 volcanoes.

Italy: 15 volcanoes such as Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli and Vulcano explosive.

Adriatic region: nine volcanoes such as Mount Pelee Pele.

Arab region and Asia Minor: 6 volcanoes, including Mount explosive Arabs in Syria.

Groove Africa

Hawaii: 5 volcanoes

Galapagos Islands: 3 volcanoes.

Iceland: 27 volcanoes.

Central Africa: 5 volcanoes.

East Africa: 19 volcanoes.

Pacific

Alaska: 20 volcanoes of which volcano Katamaa, and shish-Din

Canada: 5 volcanoes, including Rangel

USA: 8 volcanoes including Rainer volcano is the topography of land or sea or graduated emits rights. And accumulate magma flow or by type to form various forms, including ground conical mountains - high volcanic famous.

Forms volcanoes

Volcanoes class: volcanoes class is ubiquitous type, which is formed in the center of the former types and Mkhrotadtha composed of rock debris material and lava flows, directed by the volcano eruption, while restless. And Alloafez be coming out of the volcano during eruptions successive layers on each other, and composed some of them from the rough material and another section of accurate materials, and between this and that interfere lava in a few strips of fish body. It is this kind of Layering arise in the installation of the cone This figure represents the Mayon volcano more volcanoes Philippines Islands active at a time Alhadhar.albrkin Plateau: volcanic plateau or "Diriyah" arise as a result of out lava and accumulation around the main nozzle and this looks low-rise for the large space occupied by the rules . And look peaks like Bhiab convex Thdba Hina hence called volcanoes plateau has these cones originated from the flow Mshorat intense lava heat and great liquidity, which has spread over large areas and is this volcanic plateau best representation in Hawaii Volcanoes volcano Monallowa Islands, which has a height of 4100 m and it seems like spacious dome descend steeper easy Hina.

Classification of volcanoes

Scientists classify volcanoes into a living and dead, as if the live volcanoes are likely to arise in the future, and the dead will not arise is that never again. The volcano has been active neighborhood or a finger. When erupts be in a state of activity and when they do not have a finger arises.

Every day an earthquake happens, or erupt a volcano somewhere in the world, during the earthquakes shaking the ground and moving, and when volcanism explode rock red hot ash from the ground, many of the volcanoes found in various parts of the globe, and there are many of them bottom of the ocean above the bottom. Fortunately, most of the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions do not cause harm to people. The majority of very small earthquakes, we know these earthquakes Using highly sensitive micro scientists devices; because they can lower ground movements to measure, and there are volcanic eruptions occur permanently above the ocean floor, but it is far in the rear so as not to affect the people, however, we find that the news respect of an earthquake or a volcanic eruption top news headlines.

Upon the occurrence of a major earthquake or a volcanic eruption near the places where people live, where many of them suffer physical damage has them and find death under the rubble of buildings. In 1976, half a million people died in China upon the occurrence of a number of large earthquakes. In 1883 the volcano erupted in Indonesia called the Krakatoa killed more than thirty-six thousand people.

The ship Atmr Barr channel between Java and Sumatra, are described below theorist as reported by the captain:

{Explosions Almsamh came to the ears of voices and heavy guns, while off blocks of lava-charged gas into space like a huge fireworks display, and after five o'clock in the evening tossed deck Bechtel lane of diabase White arrived, some the size of the pumpkin size}.

Signed worst part of the volcanic eruption on August 27, where the ash reached the altitude of 80 kilometers, and the people living in the neighboring islands did not see any light of the sun for two days and Ncef.oosubh volcano now explodes on an ongoing basis, and then a huge explosion was powerful explosion people heard him on the face earth, and the bumping of the Red Sea, the rock warm ocean island, generated huge waves called ((Tsu Nami)) Aldzralamgeorh was flooded and flooded more than 36,000 people. At the end of the eruption Krakatau had completely disappeared beneath the waves, and the place appeared island consists of lava emitted from the surface of the earth. In 1963 and it generated a new island near Aaslandh.ouhdt Coast when paying a volcanic eruptions on the seafloor lava to the higher installed sea, and continued flow of lava for eight months and took the island Tkprany reached an area of ​​2.5 square kilometers and launched Allehaasm {Surtsa}. This new island is very important for scientists; and therefore not allowed except for the people few visited, they wanted to study what happened with great care, and was the first plant that appeared in the island is the wort sea rocket and herb lime leaf lung plant Sear.obed seeds of these plants is carried to the island by the sea, and the seagulls and geese also carried the seeds on their feet and feathers.

It was associated with a volcano in the human imagination throughout history as Mount conical, graduated from the peak of fire and smoke and lava, and although some volcanoes as well be, however, a lot of volcanic eruptions different from that completely, some of these explosions come out through the holes in the ground, you know the gaps and some It comes out through the long holes in the Earth's surface known cracks. There are some volcanoes Do not fire flames, many of which are called clouds of steam and gas known as vapors and smoke. Smoke consists of pieces of rock and ash infinitesimal.

Explosions Albarakanahe

Volcanic eruptions occur when the flow of red hot rock from deep underground, and poured on the bottom of the ocean or on the surface, where the rock comes out very hot to the degree of liquidity, and the so-called rock dissolved. If the molten rock flowing under the earth's surface it is called magma, and that was flowing out of the volcano is called lava lava {}, and when cooled lava into a rock solid black {also} is called lava. Magma contains many of the gases that cause explosions which when volcanoes revolution, scientists, volcanic eruptions and is divided into different types, three of which are key:

1. Hawaiian: in the blast Hawaiian magma be thin textures liquid where it can be mixed with the gas that seeps easily; so it does not occur violent explosions.

2. Alstromboli: in the blast Alstromboli be magma with less strength sheet of magma in the blast Hawaiian, this means that the mixed gases can not easily leave her, and that there will be violent explosions. He graduated lava fountain in the form of a yellow fire Dkhmh.otqzv gap large blocks of rock, and those blocks are falling around the gap and take the form Mkhroutia.

3. Alblaney: in the blast Alblaney be magma thick textures, it would be difficult to escape the gases accumulate Alord.oaada under pressure to push the rock to the top, and eventually explode violently gases outside of the rock, and lead to the explosion, a column of gas formation strength over height ( 2) kilometers. When it explodes gas and smashed its skull magma into small pieces and thrown with high gas column, and when the magma cooled cut this turn into a white stone called pumice.

Volcanic rocks: There are two types of volcanic rock are: 1. Albarokhlastica: or (broken). 2. Albarokhlastica: or (non-crushed). The word comes from two words Barokhlacetka Alagriqitin Peru (meaning fire) and the word Clacetk (broken) viz. Albarokhlasticah rock is formed when lava take in the cold. Lava and take different forms when cooled, where lava from Aa rough surface type after it cooled, while a lava from Berhoho smooth surface type is similar to the ropes, and both names came from Hawaii. When cooled lava under water they form lava and sadistic.

Albarokhlasticah rocks ejected rocks outside the volcano formed during eruptions, and in some cases these rocks be a moment of hitting the Earth warm to the point that they cohere with each constitute Cka solid.

Cones and crater: We have seen that rock and ash-breakers by violent explosions Akunan cones steep, and sometimes break down these cones, leaving a crater called (Caldera), and this happens in the case of the explosion Alblaney. Exhausted and blast all the magma beneath the volcano strength very quickly. Which leaves a hole under the top of the cone, and in the case of continuing eruption of the volcano crater collapse inward, and in this manner disappeared volcano (Krakatoa). The diameter of some Alcaldiratt few Iklmtrut.obedha be large, for example, Qatar Alkadira reported in New Mexico, USA, 23 km.

Vesuvius erupts: put a book of ancient Romans first detailed manuscript of a volcanic explosion, he watched the younger Pliny the eruption of Vesuvius in southern Italy in the west (79 m) and Matt greatest uncle Pliny during the explosion. Volcano erupted suddenly Vesuvius in August (79 m), and within hours was Pompey City and Stabai Mguetatin White khufoof, and at the start of the eruption Pliny was a resident in the city of Messina with his mother and uncle, and away this city from the volcano about (30 kilometers) that is, they outside the scope of the damage, Pliny says in a letter he wrote to a friend: {at noon on August 24 drew the attention of my mother and my uncle to a large black cloud. He ordered to prepare a boat to him (so he can get closer to Vesuvius). While it interesting to leave handed him a message from Rkitina that was her home and the reality on the foot of Vesuvius and is begging them to be quick to bail them out, and have knowingly disregarded scientific journey and making relief trip, ordered warships take off immediately. Everyone was leaving the danger zone, which sailed it is courage. When ships from Pompey Beach approaching ash was falling heavily, followed by shrapnel pumice stones Almtvhmh.aktz beach debris to the point of forced them to turn their direction towards Stabai. Once they arrived so were the earthquakes shaking the building, they filled the arena in which they were standing where the ashes quickly, came back to the beach two links on their heads pillows to protect them from falling debris, where they wanted to explore the possibility of escape by sea Frooh rough danger, and put a sheet on the floor of my uncle to rest, and were soon what came ominous smell of sulfur near the fire, I got up and my uncle leaned on two Khademah then perhaps suddenly collapsed because the dense fumes blocked his windpipe} .oosr Pliny the body of his uncle after Ummen.kadd stayed Pompey city khufoof covered for several centuries. In 1748 people began digging for the detection of destroyed buildings. Today you can walk among the ruins of Pompeii most parts of the city.

Volcanic activity:

Small volcanic outlets:

Leaking gas from the ground in some places all the time, not Vqtotina explosion of the volcano, and out of these gases through holes called small Almnavmalbarakanah, and there are these ports in areas adjacent volcanoes, scientists are studying emerging from these ports gases to know what is going on beneath the volcano, and are hoping that they are able to use the information they receive to predict the date of the next outburst.

Contain the following gases from volcanic ports, water and carbon dioxide and many salts of different metals accumulate these salts about the ports Vthelon ground, Valkiprit Alunha yellow, and chloride in white, including other colors of copper with nickel in green and cobalt with a lead-colored pink _ozark, and manganese with zinc-colored pink. The sulfur makes for a smelly outlets like the smell of rotten eggs.

After Albrkinochehr volcanic disasters

In the formation of the Earth's surface: the foregoing, we can discern the effects of volcanoes in the formation of the Earth's surface are spacious majestic mountains and plateaus arise. When subsided arise in the cavities of their pores Lakes Meh Moh and geographic Zaljhat Almtirh.athar

In human activity: it strange that human habitation is not known until the next volcanoes be safe from dangers, as we find living near them, and even on the slopes, too. Fberkan Vesuvius is surrounded by villages and towns and covered with fruit orchards and vineyards, all of which are spread on the sides until near the top. Agriculture is also based on the slopes of a volcano (twelve) in Sicily to a height of 1200 m in the fertile soil composed of black basalt that spilled over the area during historical times.

These volcanoes unforgiving as arise from time to time destroying the village or the other can rest along the main road on the lower slopes of the volcano and twelve at the end of the flowing lava flows a perpetual evidence suggesting the permanent danger zone. The famous island of Java Berakinh rebellious and active volcanoes outweigh the fact all the volcanoes of the world in the amount of rashes and Alloafez that flowed from them since 1500, however, we find the island full of the population, they are the densest world agricultural destinations population for an area with a population of about 75 million people because as we have said to fertility volcanic soil, has been established by the Bureau of Volcanology and function predict volcanic eruptions and warn the population by volcanic eruptions, which reduces the risk of falling.

Positive effects of the volcano

The emergence of well-known hot springs baths.

It helps volcanic ash on the fertility of the land.

Sometimes it's some of the islands in the sea.

Take advantage of the many rocks and stones types of construction.

To be the source of some of the economic value of minerals.

The importance of volcanoes

There is in the world currently has about 516 active volcanoes; That is, these volcanoes are still emit flammable materials permanently or intermittently. The number of ancient extinct volcanoes for the tens of thousands; where there is volcanic rock in most regions of the earth, and the significance of the volcanoes in the following:

See the installation of the internal section of the Earth's crust and the outer part of the Earth's atmosphere; because the lava issued from this level, a depth of about 450 kilometers.

Indicate the pressure sites in the earth's crust; the volcanic sites in line with the pressure sites in the cortex where there are significant cracks and deep.

To be the source of some of the economic value of minerals.

It helps volcanic ash on soil fertility.

You can use temperature to generate electricity

I got the biggest eruption in history in Tambora Tambora in Indonesia Sambawa island on April 5 to 7, 1815 in terms of volume outputs volcanic estimated ejected about 80 square kilometers and energy resulting from it by about 8.4 * 10 (26) erg. And formed a crater 11 kilometers in diameter and was killed because of his revolution 90,000 people.

Misc volcanic

Tamu Massif (in English: Tamu Massif) is a volcano discovered on September 5, 2013. Scientists believe that the world's largest and perhaps in the solar system, the largest of the volcano Mauna Loa sixty times with an area of ​​120 thousand square miles, about the size of Aahnao Mexico.

The longest distance made lava was 70 km resulting from Lucky Laki volcano southeast of Iceland in 1873.

The greatest volcanic eruption occurred in August 27, 1883 in the island of Krakatau, located between Sumatra and Java and spent on 163 villages and killed about 40,000 people and lava flowed to the height of 55 km and rushed volcanic dust to cut the 5330 km within ten days.

Larger crater is a crater Toba Toba in Sumatra, an area of ​​1775 square kilometers.

It is said that the name ((Volcano)) is due to God ((Vulcan)), the god of fire and blacksmithing when the Romans where they think the mountain, which oversees the Bay of Naples in Italy is only the chimney of a large furnace shall burn this god.

Volcanoes of the unique natural phenomena that drew the attention of human since ancient times considered and they play a great role in the geological processes that affect the history of the evolution of the earth's crust and pose. This is because most of the earth's crust parts affected by impulsivity and underwent operations in its composition to the contribution of impulsivity operations. According to the study of volcanoes in the identification of earthquakes and volcanoes study branch of geology centers, which became known as freestanding Volcanology Volcanology. The volcanoes associated metals and ores are very important in economic terms.

about computer

Computer

Computer components are divided into two major parts: hardware and software operating it. Divided steel gear of a computer into five classifications President: input devices, processing, and output devices, storage media, and communication devices. While computer software is divided into: operating systems, and Alttabiqat.hacob (in English: computer) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] or automated computer or the computer or the computer or the monotony or Almnzam [citation needed] or computer [6] or mind-mail [7] or organization [8] Jhazaketrona capable of receiving and processing data to valuable information stored in various storage media, and often be able to share these results and information with other compatible devices. You fastest computers in this day doing hundreds of billions of arithmetic and logical operations in a few seconds. Computers running special software called operating systems, it is without a scrap piece of computer, operating systems for computers and show how to perform the tasks as they often provide an environment for programmers to develop upon their applications. This definition shows common error among the people of that computers are only those that operate under the Windows environment, and Macintosh, and Linux.

Multiple types of computers in terms of the way they work and their size as well as speed, Vooail electronic computers was a large room size and consumes a similar capacity to consume a few hundred personal Manalhawwasab day. [9] The recent years have seen a decline in the solid structure of industry costs to the extent that it has become with computers personal commodity spread dramatically. The expansion of the application of computers in various fields and devices at the present time, we made a smart time, electronic navigation broadly applied through the Global Positioning System and become organs accessible to everyone, and many businessmen are interested to apply in their businesses to reduce the workforce and reduce the cost of production. Society looks at the personal computer - and his mobile; laptop - that they symbolic of the information age; understanding what he thinks most people when talking about the computer. With this and more forms of computer use today are computers built a computer embedded in a small and simple is usually used to control other devices. For example, you can be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft, and robotics, and digital cameras to toys, hardware Alhakom.

We can not say that the computer is the invention itself, because it was the product of a lot of scientific innovations and sports applications. Computers variety in fact, according to the imposing Church in machine Turng the computers have low-end ability to be able to accomplish for any other computer tasks, ranging from the PDA to the supercomputer, as long as time and memory capacity are not taken into account. Therefore, the asymmetric design of the computer it is possible to adjust for tasks ranging from processing corporate accounts and control of unmanned spacecraft. Because of the technical development of modern computers are more fatalistic more capable than those of previous generations which are described in part explained the phenomenon of Moore's Law.

Benefits Computer

The importance of the computer lies in simplifying a lot of hard work, or that you need a long time to complete the industrial and commercial such as business, government departments, universities and institutes, it means high-capacity in solving digital issues and accuracy in the preservation and retrieval of information, design documents, pictures and show them.

Computer history

There are examples of primitive devices account, which represents the early ancestors of the computer, including the abacus and the Antikythera Mechanism, a body mechanism ancient Greek was used to calculate the movements of the planets and the history since 87q.m. Almost. The end of the Middle Ages saw a European active in science, engineering and mathematics was Wilhelm Hicard the first of a number of European scientists established mechanical calculator. Without the abacus as a primitive computer because it looked like a calculator in the past. In 1801, Joseph Marie Jaquard has done to improve the existing forms Alnolah which are used consecutive set of perforated paper cards like a program to weave intricate shapes. The result was that loom Jaquard not be considered a real computers but it was an important step in the development of modern digital computers. Charles Babbage was the first thought of and designed a computer fully programmed and at the beginning of 1820, but due to a series of technical border at the time and financial limitations, in addition to the inability to solve the repair problem is good in its design, the device was not actually built in his life. A number of techniques that proved useful later in computing, such as perforated card and the LED tube by the end of the nineteenth century, and processing data automatically with large gradient using punch cards made using scheduling machines designed by Hermann Hollerittarej development of computer hardware is a continuous record of the trend emerged towards making computers faster cheaper and capable of storing more data. Before the existence of a multi-purpose computer was a human does most of his own calculations, that calculators have emerged to help in calculations. Calculators are still evolving, but the computer in which the additional advantage is that it is a multi-use, not only to calculate the numbers. We have over a large computer hardware developments since the forties, until it became the basis for many other uses is the account Kalotemth, communications, control and education.

The success of the powerful and comfortable computers began in the thirties and forties of the twentieth century, and added -baltdraj- the main features of modern computers, such as the use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and the ability to programming more smoothly. The identification of a single point during this journey as "the first computer digital electronics," is very difficult.

Of the basic achievements, Computer Atanasoff-Berry 1937, a machine with a dedicated purpose of which was used computing valve seat (LED tube) binary numbers and memory refurbished. British secret computer Colossus (1944), which he had limited ability to programming, but gave a device that uses thousands of valves could be reliable and reprogrammed electronically. Harvard Mark I 1944 computer with a large electromechanical parking included and has a limited ability to programming.

US computer based on the decimal counting system (1946-ENIAC) was the first electronic computer is a general-purpose, but basically the structure is smooth, which means that basically require reprogramming reconnect. Z machines for Konrad Zuse, with Alalictromekaniki Z3) 1941) will be the first working machine offers automatic calculation of bilateral numbers and the ability to programming in a practical way and convenient feature.

The team who developed ENIAC realized the disadvantages of his machine and came to design more flexible and splendor, which became known as von Neumann architecture (or "stored program architecture"). Stored program architecture became by default the basis of all modern computers. A number of projects began to develop a computer program depends on the structure of the store in the mid-forties to the last of the twentieth century. The first computer than these were completed in Britain. First Hola, which is the best factor was the so-called mini-experimental machine (Small-Scale Experimental Machine), but EDSAC was perhaps the first copy process has been developed.

The computer designs Almkad tube LED has become in use throughout the fifties of the twentieth century, but with time have been replaced with computers Transistor where it is smaller, faster and cheaper and more reliable, all of that has allowed it to be produced on a commercial scale, in the sixties of the twentieth century. In the seventies of the twentieth century, helped choose the integrated circuit technology in the production of computers at a cost low enough that allow individuals to own a personal computer than currently known species ...

?How do computers work

It describes the structure of the computer in four main sections: While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the advent of multi-purpose early forties of the twentieth century electronic computers, it is still mostly used Albornamajalmkhozn structure (called sometimes von Neumann architecture). Design was able to make the global computer fact part.

The unit of account and logic

Control unit

memory

Input and output devices.

These parts are connected to each through the bundles of wires (called "vectors" BUS when the same package supports more than one data path) and are usually measured by timer or clock (although other events could drive the control circuit).

Intellectually, it is possible to see the computer memory as a list of cells, each cell has the title numbered and can store a few cell and a fixed amount of information. This information can either be an instruction (is) that tell the computer what to do, or to be a data information that is processed using computer commands that have been placed on the memory. Generally, any cell can be used to store either commands or data.

The unit of account and logic are considered the heart of the computer. It is able to carry two types of basic operations.

The first is the calculation, collection or subtract two numbers together. The calculations group may be very limited, in fact, some of the designs do not support the processes of multiplication and division directly (rather than direct support, users can support the processes of multiplication and division through programs based multi-processors for addition and subtraction and other figures).

The second section of the unit of account and logic operations are the introduction of double-digit comparison operations, the verification of this unit is equal or unequal numbers and determine which is the biggest figures. It is the logical process is called a task in programming.

The operating system that combines computer components with each other, where it reads commands and data from memory or from the input and output devices, to be Tidha by the processor. As well as decoding commands blade, feeding the unit of account and logic correct inputs according to the orders, which tells the unit of account and logic operation to be carried out on those inputs and re-send the results to memory or to the input and output devices.

Counter Counter is one of the key components in the control system, which follows up the current command address, usually increases the value of the address in each time you execute the command, unless the same is pointed out that the following command should be in another address (that allows the computer performs the same commands frequent way).

The start of the eighties of the twentieth century, became both the unit of account and logic and control unit (two societies are called central processing unit) (central processing unit) and the usual presence in the integrated circuit and one called microprocessor (Almaekerobrosissour).

Computer mechanism of action

The commands that the console and interpret the unit of account and logic to be implemented by a limited edition, and precisely defined and be very simple operations. Generally, they fall into one or more of the four sections: The work of any computer in the base mechanism that is quite clear. Typically, each processing cycle Processing Circle the computer fetches commands and data from its own memory. Orders are executed, the results are stored, then bring the next command. This procedure is repeated until the interview to stop Halt command.

The transfer of data from one place to another (An example of this is "tells" the CPU to "copy the contents of memory cell 5 and place the copy in cell 10")

Perform mathematical and logical operations on data (for example, "add the contents of cell 7 to the contents of the cell 13 placed in the cell output 20")

The case of test data ( "if the contents of cell 999 are 0, the following command will be located in the cell 30")

Changing the sequence of operations (the previous example alters the sequence of operations but commands such as "Next thing there is in the cell 100" are also standard).

The commands are represented by such data in the form of binary code (a system for counting the base figure 2). For example, the code for the type of operation "Copy" in a minute of the Intel x86 processor type is 10110000. The partial it served so that a specific computers supports what is known as machine language. The use of the machine language of a previous simplification make it easier for drivers present on the new machine: So in the markets where the availability of commercial programs are essential, the suppliers agree on one or a very small number of languages ​​machine outstanding.

The biggest computers (such as the server) differs from the previous species is important is that instead of having a central processing unit and one it is often no more than one unit. Often possess these computers unusual structures significantly and these different structures markedly from the basic structure of the program stored in some cases contain thousands of CPU, but such designs become useful only for specialized purposes.

Input and output devices

I / O (short for Input / Output) is called in on devices that send information from the outside world and those that return results of calculations of the term. These results can either be directly visible to the user or that is sent to the other machine, which will be governed by the dedicated computer.

The first generation of computers was equipped with a very limited range of input devices. Such as perforated cards reader or similar things that used to enter commands and data in the computer's memory, as well as the use of some types of printers, which typically is a teletype rate to record the results. Over the years, other devices have been added. For personal computers, the keyboard and mouse are the two main methods as used to enter information directly into the computer, the screen is the main way to show the information to the user and despite the fact that printers and headsets are also widespread. There is a huge variety of other input devices for the introduction of other types of input. An example is the digital camera which is used for the introduction of visual information.

It possible to connect the huge and diverse range of electronic devices to the computer to operate as organs Akhraj.bhrt enter and provide a system to know on the computer and called the operator (computer) or Driver

Programs

Typically, programmers do not write orders directly into a computer programming language Alalh.an this language is very tedious and difficult process and tend to error significantly making programmers are unable to production significantly. Instead, the programmers describe the desired process in the programming language of "high-level" such as the Pascal language or C language or special Internet applications Mthelajafa which are translated automatically thereafter to machine language through a dedicated computer software languages ​​(interpreters and interpreter) is called in English Kombaylr compiler . Some programming languages ​​paint a map very close to the machine language such as assembly language, assembly language (programmable low-level) and on the other side, the programming languages ​​such as Albrooloj Prolog are based on abstract rules and separated from the details of the real operation of the machine (programming languages, high-level). The language chosen partially for the task depends on the nature of the job and skill possessed by coders and the availability of tools and typically needs of consumers (for example, projects for the US military uses often must be programmed in a language Ada). The software is simply a list of commands carried out by the computer, and range of these commands (FAQ) between a few simple commands that perform the task to the list of more complex commands, which may contain tables of data. Many computer programs contain millions of orders, many of these orders are executed repeatedly. The typical modern personal computer can execute around 3 billion is in the second. The computers did not gain extraordinary capabilities through the ability to execute complex commands. But rather it is the millions of rank orders by people who know Balambr.n.

The moral entity of the computer Computer software (parts intangible computer) is an alternative term for computer programs (computer programs): It is the most is a comprehensive and consists of all the important material associated with the program and that it needs to perform important tasks, for example, a video game not only on the software itself contains but also it contains data representing images, sounds and other materials required for the work of the virtual environment of the game. Computer application is a piece of computer software that provide for many users often in the retail market. Recent examples of perfectly applied are stationery office suite which is about the same programs shared recipes for performing common office tasks.

Going from very simple special abilities ordered the language of one machine to the huge capacity of applied programs means that many computer programs are very large and very complicated. One example is the Windows XP operating system, which consists of about 40 million lines of computer code in the C ++ programming language there are many projects that are larger goals, created the large teams of programmers. The management of these highly complex projects is the key to the possibility of implementing these projects: programming languages ​​and applications programming allows to divide the task into sub-tasks to become smaller and smaller in the capabilities of one programmer at a convenient time.

There are also some of the most sophisticated systems which are used in large computers and sensitive computers Kmkhaddmat Web and others, a derivative systems from UNIX system, such as RedHat (Red Hat) and Sun Solaris, has evolved suitable for office use, by providing graphical interfaces can sometimes outperform systems Microsoft Windows, providing effects superior to those found in Windows 7 as in Ubuntu, as was the use of UNIX systems in some special Palmobail systems, Taatmisahzh systems Baloabedih, where it can remain running until ten consecutive years or more without any interruption, it is also not affected by the so-called viruses [questionable], offering high performance even on a vulnerable device to some extent.

This Ir systems heavily used in the Arab world, so as to not to agree all the programs that run on Microsoft Windows with systems, but most of the office software is no substitute for it, as programs offer voice, video and office programs and surf the Internet, all free programs are often available with the system.

The software development process is still slow and unpredictable and tend to error: The Software Engineering Systems tried to have partially succeeded in making the process faster, more productive and improve the quality of the final product.

Libraries and operating systems

Shortly after the development of the computer, it was discovered that there are certain tasks be required in different programs; The old example of this was some of the basic mathematical functions account. In order to effectiveness, it has been collecting model versions of those functions and put them in the libraries be available to those in need. The common tasks somewhat Group, which relate to address the special data blocks "talking" to the various input and output devices, and therefore has been developing its libraries quickly.

The end of the sixties of the twentieth century, however widespread industrial use of the computer in a variety of purposes, it has become common to use it to accomplish many of the jobs in the institutions. Then shortly become available and there are special programs for the timing and implementation of the many tasks. The sum of all of the management "hard parts" and the timing of tasks became known as the operating system; from ancient examples of this kind of old operating system was OS / 360 private b IBM.

The next major development in operating systems was timesharing - the idea is based on the number of users able to use the machine at one time, by keeping all of their programs in memory and implement a program for each user for a short time so that it becomes as if each user each of them has its own computers.