(Economy (science
The term (economy) linguistically means to mediate between extravagance and thrift (came in a selected chapter, "intent between extravagance and skimping said so and so frugal in spending"), and there were many definitions of the term (the economy), but the definition of the broader and broader the characteristics of the economy, modern contemporary is the definition of (Lionel Robbins) in an article published in 1932, where he says: "the economy is the science concerned with the study of human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce resources with multiple uses" .alaguetsad is the science of Social Sciences who studies human behavior and well-being as a relationship between the objectives and targets which have alternative uses, and the limited resources available and rare, not only is the above definition of the economy, where the economy many definitions, including access to self-sufficiency, growth and abundance of money.
(Rare) or scarcity means means the available resources are insufficient to satisfy all needs and human desires. Often referred to as scarcity (the economic problem). In other words, we find that the economic problem here revolves around the Choice selection and may affect the selection of this option of incentives and resources.
It can be divided Ranked economy or into several types, including:
Microeconomics and the whole economy
Positive economy, "descriptive" and economy standard
Other types of schools of economic ideas
One uses the economy is explaining how economic systems work, and what binds the parties to these systems of relations within the framework of the community. And applied economic analysis increasingly on areas that relate to individuals methods (including officials) who Pachtaarathm within the framework of the community, as an example, crime, education, families, health, law, politics, religion, civil society institutions, down Alyaharb.
The early crystallization of Economics
Although discussions about production and distribution operations had taken place since the beginning of history, however, that the economy is taking to take shape in its current form as a branch of science independently since the Adam Smith's publication of his famous book, The Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations in 1776 and known as Adam Smith in his book, the term political economy as a branch of policy and legislation, and aims to be essential: first, to provide individuals with adequate and continuous quantity of products, or work to make them able to provide these products on an ongoing basis, and second, to provide the State or enriching both individuals and governments. In the [book] | book]] Nations Ichiradm Smith's wealth into the economy by the term (political economy - Political Economy) except that this term was replaced gradually in the public use of the term (economy Economics) after 1870 as well as the first to use the term political economy, a French cleric named Antoine Damonakretiaan and the first to deal seriously with the economics where they Alvezoukratian secured to agriculture as a source of net profit WALIDPATO
The areas of economy
It can be classified as areas where the economics are looking diversified, multi, but it is mainly concerned with two types of economic analysis both microeconomic and macroeconomic
Microeconomics
Main article microeconomics
Considering partial economic analysis of economic behavior of economic elements (including individuals and companies) and the way they interact through individual markets, scarcity of resources, government regulations. The market here has Chmlasalah producing maize for example, it may be a service from the heart of the production such as construction, for example. This analysis is based on the theory of the study of the total demand by buyers loads and loads supply by sellers at each possible price per unit produced points. Based on the study of both supply and demand are not separately reach partial economic analysis to characterize how the market is up to the state of economic equilibrium price and quantity, or respond to Mngaratalsouk over time. This is what is called the common analysis of the study of supply and demand.
Market structure, such as full market competition and market monopoly is considered here of the factors affecting the degree of market efficiency. This analysis stems from the concept of a simplified assumption that the behavior of other market remains firm, this so-called partial equilibrium analysis, and the analysis of general equilibrium theory allows changes in various markets, including the movement of the market and its interaction toward economic balance.
total economy
Cares macroeconomic analysis study of the economy as a whole, to illustrate the impact of economic factors on the economy of countries, such as the impact of national income and operating rates (employment rates), and price inflation, and the rate of the total consumption and the rate of spending Alastosmariomkonath. Macroeconomic analysis also examines the effects of both monetary policy and fiscal policy in the country. Since the sixties of the twentieth century, taking macroeconomic analysis takes a more integrated turn, has emerged as the new models such as the analysis sectors on a partial basis, economists Rushd players, efficient use of market information, and imperfect competition. Macroeconomic analysis also cares factors with long-term effects on the economy and the growth of national income. As an example of these factors Nzkrn capital accumulation, technological development (technical), the growth of labor force.
Attempts to unite these two branches or cancel the differentiation between them was an important catalyst in most economic thought in the final stage, especially in the late seventies and early eighties. Today, there are a gathering on the need for good macroeconomic be built based on solid microeconomic. In other words, the structure of the overall economy should be clearly supported by micro-economics.
Economic methods and mathematical methods of economic quantity
Economy relies mainly on sports as an academic methods, as well as its dependence on literary styles. The adoption of mathematical and quantitative methods for the purposes of the analysis of an economy accurately, or for the analysis of certain areas within the economy. Examples of these models and methods in the analysis are:
Mathematical Economics
The term "athlete's economy" on the application of mathematical approaches to understanding and interpretation of economic theory or scientific methods to solve the economic issues at hand. It uses mathematical economics and calculus curriculum matrices algebraic analysis methods.
The book has been praised by economists big benefits of this method and the availability of the formulation and derivation of key relationships in the clear economic model, and tougher, and simplicity. The Select (Paul Samuelson) in his book, "Economic Analysis Basics" in 1947, the structures of public sports in several economic fields and through which is the analysis of issues and economic issues in a quantitative manner can be expressed theories and equations, as some scientists do economics Nobel prize in economics as the world John Forbes Nash, who won the Nobel Prize for his theory of «equilibrium theory» the primary reliance on purely sporting side.
slandered economy
Major Econometrics article
Applied econometric mathematical and statistical methods to analyze economic models derived from the data. For example, you might assume that the theory of what an educated person earns income -palmadl- higher than the income earned by someone similar to it in all its properties but it is an educated (or less level of education). Here comes econometric measures the strength of the relationship and statistical significance. And using econometric method to infer the amount of generalizations, as finding a relationship between pre-existing data and predict what will be the case in the future.
National Accounts
Major national accounts article
The national accounts (national accounting) means include national accounts following sections: national income accounts and production (NIPA) and the resulting estimates of the monetary value of the output and the input of the economy during the year or quarter, and managed national income accounts officials to track the performance of the economy and its components during the economic or periods courses longer. National accounts also includes the capital, the national wealth, and the flows of international capital .. the administration was not aware of the practice
The development of schools of economic thought
Economic ideas primitive
And economic ideas born with the birth of ancient civilizations Kalagriqih, and Romania and India, through Chinese, Farsi and Arabic civilization. Several writers belonging to these civilizations notably Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher was known, and Hannakia Chanakya (340 - 293 BC. M) Prime Minister of the first emperor of an empire (Moriah) in East Asia, and the Arab-known philosopher Ibn Khaldun owner (Introduction Ibn Khaldun) who lived in the fourth century AD. He is believed Czech writer (Joseph Hoombitar) that latecomers researchers between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries were the founders leave for "knowledge economy." He described Joseph Hoombitar (Ibn Khaldun) Gazette race in the modern economy, as many of the economic theories were not known in Europe until relatively recently. Later the two schools are natural Oguetsaditan school (Alvezaoukratih), school business (mercantilism), to develop and add new economic concepts, where they helped in the establishment of "economic nationalism" and "modern capitalism" in Europe.
Classical economics
Editorial: Classic economy
As is known, the publication of the book The Wealth of Nations author Adam Smith was considered as a starting point for the birth of economics as a branch of science and a separate specialist, has identified the book The Wealth of Nations factors of production in all of the land, labor force, capital, and considered that these three factors are at the core of wealth owned by the nation.
From the perspective of Adam Smith, the ideal economy is a self-regulating market system (Self- Regulating Market System) where the system automatically to satisfying the needs of economic individuals "automatically." He described the "Smith" Alsoqub the work of the "invisible hand" that urges individuals to work on a mechanism to satisfy their own personal needs and thus achieve the greatest possible benefit to the whole community. In his writings, "Adam Smith" taking some ideas and theories of natural school in the economy "Alvezaoukratih" and combine it with his theories, but he rejected the idea advocated by Alvezaoukration and that the land (agriculture) is the only source of production and wealth.
Marxist economics
Founded economic Karl Marx thinker who advocated the need to eradicate the manifestations of individual property through labor and exploiting class revolt against the other classes, especially the capitalist class and impartiality of private property, and then lead the working statehood class called the Marxist science state "dictatorship of the proletariat" and reflect this state to the community Communist who achieve equality and justice in the distribution of resources and gross national product of all the people, and this is one of the pillars of the Communist ideology, and we have to mention about it what happened to Marxism all scientific aspects so that they become in the process of forgetting and the reason is not in contradiction principles or failure, as some believe, but ignorance and delinquency and the coup, which happened at the beginning of the sixties of the twentieth century, where he was a coup by the so-called "Nikita Khroshchov" victory and Central special bracket military the strongest components of the class, the collapse of the Soviet Union were not science but his successor Marxist bourgeoisie.
Keynesian economics
The foundations of the British John Maynard Keynes' economic theory, and this theory focuses on the role of both the public and private sectors in the economy, a mixed economy where Keynes varies with the free market (without the intervention of the state), meaning it is with the intervention of the state in some areas. In theory believes that macroeconomic trends determine by far the behavior of individuals at the micro level, which is confirmed as many classical economists on the role of aggregate demand for goods and for this demand a major role in the economy, especially in times of recession, where it is believed that through aggregate demand government can fight unemployment and recession, especially during the great Depression. Believes that the economy is not inclined to the direction to full employment as normal according to the principle of the invisible hand as it was believed to classical, and it was very much satisfied with the economic Smith thanks to his writings contradict modern employment theory strongly with the classical theory where you see the modern theory of the capitalist economic system does not contain a guarantee achieve full employment and the national economy may proceed to balance the national product, despite the presence of large unemployment and severe inflation situation of full employment, coupled with relative stability in prices, according to the thought Alkinsa but is incidental rather than permanent verification.
Schools and other economic branches
The economy can also be divided into several partial branches and this does not always fit neatly grand exact classification. This partial branches include: International Economics, the economics work, welfare economics, the economics of nervous, economy, information, resources, economics, environmental economics, managerial economics, financial economy, domestic economy, development economics, economic and geographic.
There are also methodologies used by economists, who are classified in accordance with the important theories.
More importantly example may be econometrics, which applies statistical techniques to study economic data. Mathematical Economics, which relies on mathematical methods, this includes econometrics.
Another trend more modern and closer to the small economies of microeconomics, which uses the psychology of social concepts such as (behavioral economics) and methods (experimental economy) to understand deviations from the predictions economy neoclassical.
Evolutionary theory innovative economy is in line with the trends that you want to understand the role of 'Routines in the leadership of the evolution of behavior.
Can the adoption of other categories as well. Finance has traditionally been considered part of the economy, including that the basic Quintaijh appear naturally from small economies; but the foundations of today's independent science in practice, although it is closely related to other branches of the economy.
There has been a growing trend of ideas and methods in the economy that can be applied in wider contexts. Since the economic analysis focuses on decision-making, it can be applied, with varying degrees of success, in any field that includes people who are facing alternatives or options; education, marriage, health, etc. It is a public choice is also considering how the economic analysis that offers solutions to those fields that are traditionally considered outside the economy. Find areas in the economy overlap with other areas of social workers belonging to science, including political science and sociology. The most common is often inaccurately called capitalist political economy.
See political economy for the study of economics in the context of politics, economy and social to study economics in the context of sociology.
The most important aspects of the economy that draws attention: the allocation of source, production, distribution, trade, and competition.
Economy can be applied in principle to any issue involving choice under conditions of scarcity or critical economic conditions. See value.
Some economists use the price and supply and demand to create a new economic model that predicts the outcome of decisions or events.
As models are assigned to other tasks where it can be analyzed the behavior of entire communities as well. (See also sociology, political economy, history)
Traditionally, the economy is based on the satisfaction of material needs, and this remains the focus of the economy. As the core of the economy is considering incentives, or make the choice limited restrictions, the topics studied and wide, and the expansion of economists in the study of all subjects ranging from marriage to the death penalty and political systems idealism.
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