Car
Cars are divided into several types, including small private cars, and most owned by ordinary people and use them to go to work or family navigate from one place to another and to do excursions. Including large buses used to transport passengers from a public transport scattered all over the country. Including large, the trucks used to transport goods, and thus is considered a key element in the industrialized countries in driving the economy forward along with the railway Alhdid.alsearh is a mechanism consisting of a set of mechanical parts are working all these parts in a coordinated manner so that leads to move the vehicle this vehicle, the car is one of the most widespread means of transport in the present era.
The car is working on the engine, the first outbreak of the cars were in the early nineteenth century, but the real invention of the car back to the late eighteenth century AD, when Joseph Nicholas Cuneo making the first model of a car powered the year 1769.
Cars are vehicles moving on its own wheels engine used to transport passengers or cargo carrier, including those used in mines to transport ore. It is standard practice that the car does not enter, including what is on the rods. Most definitions of the term specifies that cars are designed to move on processed roads (asphalt), and the places to sit from one person to seven people, usually going on four wheels. Then the outlook has changed and become a car in the current custom is built to transport passengers, not cargo.
In 2002, there were 590 million passenger car in the world (ie one car for every ten people, almost), including 140 million in the United States (any car for almost every two people). This percentage also applies to Western Europe.
Date
Car Kuniotachtera Karl Benz car powered gasoline Otto in Germany in 1885. He scored Benz patented this car in January 29, 1886 in the city of Mannheim. Despite the fact that thanks to the invention of the modern-Benz in the car, however, several other German engineers were working on building cars at the same time. In Stuttgart in 1886, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach patented the first motorcycle, which was built and tested in 1885. In 1886 the duo wagon pulled by horses. In 1870 the collection of the German inventor of the Austrian Siegfried Marcus motorized rickshaw, but the vehicle did not exceed the experimental stage.
Car components
Conneaut is the car that was invented by Joseph Nicholas Conneaut in 1769 of the first car in history and has been working with steam. Conneaut was an engineer in the French army and has invented in order to drag the heavy equipment of the army and in particular Madaf.owalsaarh with three wheels and the motor was running Bostwantan, and the presses Alostwantan rings connected by the front wheel disc clutch (automatic transmission) naked without cover. What is known about the speed of the car that arrived between 3 and 5 and 4 kilometers per hour. It was difficult because of the direction of gravity and the weight of the water kettle is generally the car. And it ended Astdam the occurrence of an accident with a wall of the camp during one of their reviews. Originally the car and there is now the National Museum of Art and Industry in Paris.
Car parts in the hundreds, but the basic ingredients are simple:
engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Driveline
New types of fuel to the engine
And require new fuels, new technology compatibility between the machine and fuel. This includes ways to supply fuel to the engine and type, as well as preparations Alsalamh.kd operate new types of fuel usual engines for motor vehicles to reduce dependence on petroleum-based fuels, and reduce the amount of environmentally harmful gases, and reduce the problem of global warming. Therefore auto makers working to invent new types of fuel, and still their findings so far to find ample room to improve performance and raise thermal efficiency.
Engine runs on hydrogen
It opens up the use of hydrogen as a fuel to drive the car, where a wide range characterized by high viability of the ignition and at the same time has a high octane number. However, the hydrogen storage is one of the problems that need attention and solution. The hydrogen is stored in a liquid state is necessary from the point of expanding the range of distance, but it is not likely to stop the car and not used for a long time, as it has liquid cooled heat during the long pause and not to use the car leads to raise the pressure in the hydrogen tank.
Biodiesel
Place on the market large quantities of bio-diesel. However, it is mixed with other fuels. Although the new technology to squirt fuel into the engine high pressure and provide pressure equipment systems may allow the running of the car fuel 100% bio-diesel, but the manufacturer insists on being represented in the range of between 10% and 20%, where sometimes appear difficult to pump the diesel pump. It can automatically adjusts ease diesel. There are also suitable candidates for the use of bio-diesel.
Engine works with alcohol
In those types of motors are often used additions of ethanol. And especially those with multiple injection systems can be operated Bmakhlut contain 20% ethanol (E20), and there are cars that can use multiple types of alcohol fuels and gasoline, usually working Bmakhlut of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline Super-called blended E85, and can also work with gasoline only. There are engines efficiency increases by 20% when using E85 fuel alcohol instead of gasoline. And it operates some of the auto manufacturers currently developing control devices be in a position to mix alcohol engine running when installed with the usual engines.
Cars run on natural gas
Using natural gas as fuel for cars and easy to use for the use of hydrogen, which is desirable for the license price and the lack of what arouses of gases in cities. And approaching suitability for the operation of motor diesel-powered, and the use of gasoline engines still needs some time to harmonize those engines for gas, which is lower fuel consumption. And accidentally acquires natural gas drilling as oil is extracted is from fossil fuels. The result is burning about 25% less carbon dioxide are also less harmful gases. It is considered as a fuel is suspended until the universal use of hydrogen and biogas.
South Korea has been able to run 77% of the capital Seoul buses on CNG instead of diesel for use until early 2009, as a non-completion of the complete transformation of 100% in 2010.
Vehicles powered by liquefied petroleum gas
LNG knows that gas becomes liquid under mild pressure. A chemical compounds with an open series, such as propane, butane or ether compounds such as Aldmethyl ether (DME). And it can be used for liquefied gas in vehicles that run on gasoline, and easy installation of additional devices in order to operate the vehicle liquid gas rather than gasoline. And facilitates light pressure needed by the design and the formation of the fuel tank, it could be a cylindrical a little high so that it can be installed in place of the wheel Alaahtaatih retains vehicle gasoline tank at the same time. Compared to vehicles that operate with methane and its derivatives such as Aldmethyl ether DME ratio of liquefied gas output of carbon reduced by 10-15% compared dioxide produced by vehicles that rely on gasoline. Methane is extracted directly from the biogas or wood gas. While butane and propane extracted from petroleum refining side outputs to the process of producing gasoline. And it shall be deemed to LNG also of limited energy sources, but the production does not require oil. It could be argued that the liquefied gas is one additional products to be drawn during the gasoline and diesel oil production.
Engines vegetable oils approaching the use of vegetable oils severe closer to the use of diesel oil to run the engines. And deserves the use of vegetable oils application, especially in the agricultural country with a vast territory, which enjoys brightly Alhmesfiha.
Electric car
And began some international auto companies in the electric car production after 2005 and offered for sale, but its battery is still high price. Can imagine that electric car battery-type lithium battery - equivalent to about 6,000 ion battery of the type that we use in mobile. Many governments are encouraged in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, industrial companies and universities to develop batteries electric car, and supports governments auto companies billions of dollars to encourage them to intensify their efforts in this way, majoring Europe millions of euros for research in universities for the development of battery technology Aljdidh.obed auto test which it manufactured after 2000 were able to walk at speeds of 210 kilometers per hour, and the other could walk a distance of 400 kilometers. But it is not suitable for experimental use normal personal due to the high price and the weight of its battery. Charging the accumulator that car takes 8 hours, and this time Taiwil.snat first electric car in 1832 was preceded by an internal combustion cars by about seventy years. The electric car is considered superior to the internal-combustion car on the one hand the low sound of its engine. Then do what ensued in the evolution of the two cars on the superiority of the internal combustion car for two reasons. First: excellence in cutting long-distance, and secondly: decrease the amount of fuel weight, such as benzene Ooaldezl for the weight of a heavy battery to cut a reasonable distance. It was on the development of the electric car to wait until this day to catch a drive that run on gasoline.
The United States supports the US auto industry by about $ 2 billion to improve accumulators cars.
German Government supports German car companies at about 5 billion euros to improve accumulators cars, production cars more environmentally friendly and reduce the amount of harmful exhaust. The purpose of the subject development program in 2009 that the electric car industry to develop in Germany, and to be in Germany nearly a million vehicles of this type until 2020.
China has a major project in this regard. China has missed the usual auto industry for a period of nearly a century for the Western world and Japan, but it is now working to shorten this time and to engage directly in the production of electric batteries that can be recharged, it has won the excellence in the field of mobile phone batteries.
China will start from 2010 onwards in electric car production in association with one of the US automakers and presented in the market. China is working on the introduction of advanced technology and adapted for use inside. China has low labor wages, and their ability to compete in a large global market. In addition, the internal market Jabbar, and many Chinese coveted access to a car, where rising living standards in China, up a great year. China is trying to be a leader in the field of electric vehicle to be sold at home also in order to reduce the consumption of oil products and reduce dependence on imported oil from abroad, as well as reducing the impact of rapid industrial development on what caused adverse effects on the environment.
In 2010 the authorities began in Germany processing program to test electric cars, where several government departments and some large companies started importing cars of this type. It is the problem of the outstanding problems securing the user of the vehicle from the high voltage necessary for the conduct of the car, where you need to voltage is around 650 volts. Also to be heavy battery which amounts to about 120 kg small car in the event of crash test, and should not be a reason for the ignition of the car.
On the other point, the recharge the car with electricity generated by coal and oil will not provide the environment of carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere, so Yan produce 20 kWh of electricity Fimahth power plant produces 120 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer driven car. So it is the interest of the environment to be the production of electricity free of carbon dioxide generated manner. Oabtaqh and sustainable nuclear energy.
Reduce consumption policy
The European Union recently decided to reduce the consumption of motor gasoline and diesel until 2020 so that no more than 95 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer, which means consumption of 4 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers. And it operates automobile production companies in Europe to develop engines and access to that extent also with the help of hybrid cars due to the difficulty of access to that extent by reducing the consumption of the engines alone. European policy has decided to take that approach to cut carbon dioxide releases for Searat.oiatkd that the United States and Chinsov are following this path in the future. The companies will be European automobile pioneer in that regard.
Car companies in Europe has been able to reduce the consumption of cars between 1995 and 2008 by 25%.
Companies made cars
Infinity
Isuzu
IVECO
Acura
Aston Martin
Alfa Romeo
Opel
Audi
Oldsmobile
Proton
Bentley
Bugatti
Porsche
Pontiac
Buick
Peugeot
BMW
stammer
Toyota
Jaguar
General Motors
GMC
pocket
jelly
Dacia
DaimlerChrysler
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daloren
Doug
Rolls-Royce
Renault
SAP
Saturn
Skoda
SMART
Subaru
Suzuki
SEAT
Citroen
Sion
Chevrolet
Ford
Vauxhall
Volvo
Volkswagen
Mortality
Ferrari
Cadillac
Kamaz
Kia
Lamborghini
land Rover
Lancia
Lotus
Lincoln
Mazda
Maserati
Maybach
Mercedes Benz
Mitsubishi
Mercury
Mini Cooper
April
Hammer
Holden
Honda
Hyundai
Samsung
(*) Alphabetical order.
Safety
Secondly, the supply of modern cars means design arguably actively working to reduce the risk of collision and be of help to the commander of the vehicle to avoid a collision, including ballasts anti-skid ABS system, systems of modern electronic guide called ESP is working on the balance of the vehicle while cases Aharjh.iatmd safety of a passenger vehicle on the way driving to motorists as well as to follow the traffic system. And it includes traffic to pass through the special instruction systems, and the development and traffic signs, banners, and the importance of following instructions to use seat belts and refrain from using the phone while driving. The invention and development of transport, divided safety means in modern vehicles into two types: First, the security and the means of working to mitigate the consequences of an accident can not be avoided. It means that the presence of seat belts in the car and Iahbma for all passengers. And the presence of head restraints and airbags, steering wheel and be flexible so as not to be a cause hardness in excess of the injury, and that the design front of the vehicle so that it contains an area bear the crush without the crush size up to the passenger compartment. As well as provide modern vehicles Side airbags working to protect passengers from collisions Ganbeh.anha modern technology.
Then it should be noted the role of the driver of the car and taken into account the importance of the road conditions and others. And also should pay attention to educating children and young people with traffic regulations, and urged them to follow.
These methods have helped in a country like Germany, for example, to reduce the number of road accidents than 60,000 fatal accident in 1971, about 21,000 L. accident in 2004.
Presentation of some electric cars
Holiday Traffic
Crowded roads in most cars, buses, vans hour traffic, which is wasted on people and the nation a lot of time and the cost may be prohibitive in the plus fuel consumption and absence from work. In the United States, for example, the average holiday experienced by the driver annually about 35 hours. It is estimated for a large country like the United States in the amount of pointless total an estimated US $ 100 billion. Statistical conducted by TTI and show that every motorist in the United States bears the betterment because of holiday traffic is estimated at US $ 713 per year, an amount that is sufficient to perform maintenance on his car every year. Most busiest cities in the United States: Houston, and New York, Washington, Chicago and Salt Lake City, and Detroit.
The nation's largest producer of cars
Show statistical brought about by the "er de ACM" magazine (2) the future of the major producing country of the cars which show that China began in 1977 to produce cars were productivity which about 200 private cars, and increased productivity with amazing speed until it reached 14 million vehicles in 2010. As it turns out statistical development of car production in the countries frontrunners for the list, as follows:
China: 200 cars in 1970-14 million vehicles in 2010.
Japan: 3 million cars in 1970-8 million vehicles in 2010.
Germany: 5 and 3 million in 1970-5 and 5 million vehicles in 2010.
South Korea: one million cars in 1980-3 million vehicles in 2010.
Brazil: 100 thousand cars in 1970-5 and 2 million vehicles in 2010.
India: 100 thousand cars in 1980-5 and 2 million vehicles in 2010.
United States: 6 million cars in 1970-5 and 2 million vehicles in 2010.
France: 3 and 2 million cars in 1970-2 million vehicles in 2010.
Spain: 3 and 0 million cars in 1970-8 and 1 million vehicles in 2010.
Mexico: 100 thousand cars in 1970-3 and 1 million vehicles in 2010.
It is noticed a significant decline in the productivity of the United States of 6 million vehicles in 1977 to 5 and 2 million vehicles in 2010.
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